Woody > Abies > Abies guatemalensis > Abies guatemalensis
Abies guatemalensis
Guatemalan Fir; Mexican Fir; Guatemalan pinabete; Pinabete
Origin: Natural distribution occurs between Mexico to the north through to El Salvador and Honduras in the south. Populations can be found between latitudes 14°-21°. Distributed in each of the following: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico.
Mike's
Opinion
"
It will come as no surprise to hear that the Guatemalan Fir is adored for its lovely scent. Like all other firs, the lovely soft foliage, wonderful form, green colour with silvery white undertones, and dense dark cones would make this tree a wondrous sight to behold. It should pain anyone, who has the capacity to be moved by emotions, to learn that this tree’s conservation status is Endangered. We need only go as far back as the 1940’s-50’s to see that this species was widely distributed throughout Mexico and Central America. This is unfortunately no longer the reality. Pointed out in the IUCN Red List entry for the plant, recent research assessments estimate that remaining natural forest stands amount to approximately 270km^2. Let me rephrase that: A natural growing area of 17km x 17km, a postage stamp, is what remains for this lovely specimen. At highway speed, this would pass before an observer knew what they missed.
Michael Pascoe, NDP., ODH., CLT., MSc. (Plant Conservation)
"
| Family |
| Pinaceae |
| Genus |
| Abies |
| Species |
| guatemalensis |
| Category |
| Woody |
| Type |
| Tree (evergreen) |
| USDA Hardiness Zone |
| 9 |
| Canadian Hardiness Zone |
| 9a |
| RHS Hardiness Zone |
| H3 |
| Temperature (°C) |
| (-6.6) |
| Temperature (°F) |
| 20 |
| Height |
| 50 m |
| Spread |
| 10 - 15 m |
Photographs
Cultivars
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Description and Growing Information
Flowering Period
| General Description |
| While Abies is widely distributed throughout North America, this species is the only fir you’ll find when you’re as far south as 13-14°N Latitude. It prefers to be cool, moist, and along seaside mountain ranges. The pollen has an intense and potent scent. The leaves have that typical soft waxy touch that make firs so wonderfully appealing. The bark has shallow plates that range from a wonderful black-brown on the main stem through to a reddish-brown on new branchlets. It is a species that depends on other trees – a tree nursery – to foster ideal conditions. |
| Landscape |
| Largely grown in plantation and nursery environments that are looking to help curb illegal harvesting from natural areas. International trade is illegal. Domestic trade is permitted only when proof of purchase from a plantation can be provided. Otherwise, this is a tree found in natural forest stands between 1500 m to 4000 m, where they are often protected by conservation authorities. |
| Cultivation |
| Due to this plants Endangered Red List status, this tree is becoming common among plantations looking to capitalize on the hot demand in the Christmas Tree market. Systems designed to deter the illegal trade are showing signs of slowing down, though not stopping, the unethical markets. Guatemala has developed a system of certification which guarantees to a buyer that the tree they have purchased was cultivated in a managed environment, and is free from exploitative harvesting. |
| Shape |
| Slow but tall growing, upwards of 50 m in height. The tree stem can be between 1–4 m at breast height. It takes a pyramidal crown shape with a spread of 10-15 m, with a whorled arrangement of both leaves and limbs alike. |
| Growth |
| Medium |
| ID Characteristic |
| To the naked eye, the differences between Abies guatemalensis and A. religiosa can be difficult to spot. However, A. guatemalensis has a stronger odour and is less prone to the foliage loss. She indicates that laboratory analysis can become necessary to make a conclusion. The tall growing Guatemalan Fir has a pyramidal crown, with a whorled arrangement of branches and leaves. Male cones are up to 2.2 cm long and upwards of 3.0 cm wide, blue in appearance with an oval shape. Female cones are upwards of 13.0 cm long and 5.0 cm wide, red to purple with a cylindrical shape. |
| Pests |
| Trees can be infested by Bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp.), that attack the vascular system and causing circulatory issues, necrotic branches or ultimately the tree’s death. Seeds can be attacked by seed wasps (Megastigmus spp.). The wasps are capable of undergoing part of their development within the seeds contained in the cones. |
| Habitat |
| Abies guatemalensis is the southernmost member of the Abies genus. It is a high altitude, cool and humid loving evergreen that has little ability to cope with frost. Unsurprisingly then, it’s limited latitudinal range of 14°-21° keeps it cool and moist while it remains largely above 2,000 meters above sea level. These requirements mean that seaside mountain ranges provide it unique habitats that are tailored to its requirements. It requires a moderately acidic, well drained soil with a pH range of 5.4-5.7. The tree is associated with Pinus ayacahuite, P. hartwegii, and Cupressus lusitanica. |
| Bark/Stem Description |
| Young trees have grey and smooth bark. Older trees blackish-brown bark that is furrowed and divided into plates. New branchlet growth is pubescent. |
| Flower/Leaf Bud Description |
| Buds are resinous, small, 5 mm in length and occur on underside of branches, appearing on previous seasons growth in the axils of the leaves. |
| Leaf Description |
| Light lustrous green tops with a silvery glaucous underside. Spirally arranged, solitary, waxy, needle in shape and are from 1.5–5.5 cm long by 1.2–2 mm wide. |
| Flower Description |
| Flowers appear in May and June. Male staminate strobili grow from buds of the previous season, on the underside of the crown branches. They take on a blue appearance and have an oval shape. These are pollen bearing and have a very distinct and strong smell. Female strobili are in-set more into the tree, larger and denser with a red to purple appearance and cylindrical shape. |
| Fruit Description |
| Unisexual strobili with the female cone being 8.5 to 13 cm long and 4.5 to 5.0 cm wide. The female cones are red to purple in colour and oblong cylindrical in shape. The males are 1.5 to 2.2 cm long, 2.7 to 3.0 cm wide and blue in colour with an oval shape. |
| Colour Description |
| Overall, a deep rich green with hints of the silvery glaucous underside. Bark in older trees takes on the dark brown appearance, having reddish-brown to blackish-red pubescent new growth in branchlets. |
| Texture Description |
| On younger trees the bark is smooth, growth of new wood is pubescent, though the bark grows into textured furrowed plates as the plant matures. Like other Abies, the texture is appealing with a soft leaf. |
| Notable Specimens |
| Chichavac farm, Finca Caleras Chichavac, western Guatemala, has the largest pinabete plantation in Guatemala with more than 100,000 trees, including a fine 40+ year old specimen. |
| Propagation |
| Seeds are collected in alternating years. Cones are collected from November to January. Because Fir cones tend to disintegrate when handled, they are collected when they show signs of colour change, coinciding with the appearance of resin drops. To finish the maturation, storage is then done for 8 weeks in shade, wrapped in burlap. Upon completion, the seeds are extracted and dried in direct sunlight for approximately 6 hours until water content is reduced to 8 percent; this will help long-term storage. Without any additional work, these fresh seeds will have a viability rate of approximately 15 percent. Viability can be increased to 37 percent if they are stratified for 40 days. This stratification is completed on moist blotter paper, at 4°c, with an application of gibberellic acid at 200 ppm. Plant these treated seeds in April and May in shallow trays with soil rich in organics. Protect them from heavy rain and provide them full sun or 50-percent shade. They can be transplanted into individual containers at the 4-to-6-week stage. After 2 years, they should be ready for planting. |
| Ethnobotanical Uses (Disclaimer) |
| The pinabete has been used for centuries by Mayan indigenous cultures. The recent threat to the tree is largely rooted in use of this tree as a Christmas tree. Overharvesting of this tree has resulted in it being designated as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN red list. |
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